The Regulatory Limits of Hemp and CBD Products for Drug Tested Athletes

Contributed by Guest Blogger Dave Ellis, RD, CSCS

   

Recently, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) pulled cannabidiol (CBD) from the 2018 Prohibited Substance List. Previously, it was illegal for Olympic athletes to use hemp products and isolates from hemp-like CBDs (1).  Literally within 48 hours of WADA releasing the news of CBD’s new permissible status, some of the bigger players in the CBD supplement space began to target drug-tested athletes.  Many of these companies make claims that some of their CBD extracts are 100% THC-free, and in compliance with WADA testing standards for THC. Yet, studies show significant inaccuracies on label claims including the actual amount of CBD found in products, and the presence of THC (2,3).

We have no credible third-party certifying agencies that can currently ensure that every batch of a CBD extract is truly THC-free.  Skip lot testing (as often used for dietary supplements) on THC levels in CBD products is not going to be good enough for drug-tested athletes, and the folks doing the testing will have to be free of any conflicts of interest with the hemp industry. 

There are no federal guidelines that determine label claim qualifications for products promoted as being “THC free.”  One company making THC claims states that they are in compliance with WADA’s “strict testing regulations” for THC by not exceeding 0.3% THC in the product. 

Like caffeine, not everyone metabolizes cannabinoids the same (4).  Even in small amounts, increased frequency of use may well accumulate THC to the point of detection by a drug test. Athletes who are drawn to CBDs as an intervention for pain, concussions, sleep, immune health, etc., must proceed with caution. 

Some professional sports still consider CBD a prohibited substance. While most don’t specifically test for CBD, they do not fund or supply any hemp-based products to athletes, due to the lack of credible assurances or third-party verification that each batch of the product is truly THC-free.

Athletes are advised extreme caution when considering these unregulated and untested CBD products.

1. Summary of Major Modifications and Explanatory Notes – 2018 WADA Prohibited List. 

2. Bonn-Miller, MO, Mallory JE Loflin, Brian F Thomas, et al. “Labeling Accuracy of Cannabidiol Extracts Sold Online.” JAMA. 2017;318(17):1708-1709.

3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Warning Letters and Test Results for Cannabidiol-Related Products.” 2015-2017. https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/publichealthfocus/ucm484109.htm. Updated Nov 2, 2017.

4. Hawks, Richard L. The analysis of cannabinoids in biological fluids. Vol. 42. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1982.

Dave Ellis is a Veteran Sports RD who specializes in food and supplement security for drug tested athletes. His full bio and professional work can be found at daveellisbio.com. 

What's the deal with CBD Oils and Creams? Do they contain THC?

Contributed by Anna Filardo, Education Program Manager

Cannabis|noun|can•na•bis|\’ka-nә-bәs\: any of the preparations (as marijuana or hashish) or chemicals (as THC) that are derived from the hemp plant and are psychoactive.¹

Essentially, marijuana is a species of cannabis, specifically named Cannabis Indica or Cannabis Sativa. There are more than 100 different cannabinoids that make up the marijuana plant; the most widely known are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (or THC) and cannabidiol (or CBD). THC is commonly attributable to the psychoactive or euphoric side effects, while CBD is known for its more medicinal effects. Marijuana (specifically THC) is banned by a majority of sports organizations and is not eligible for medical exceptions or therapeutic use exemptions (TUEs). So what about CBD?

Recently, CBD oils and creams available for purchase in stores or on the internet have been growing in popularity, as seen in an increase of Drug Free Sport AXIS™ inquiries for these products. CBD has been cited for having some medicinal benefits, and homeopathic doctors are prescribing CBD oils and creams for treatment. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) classifies CBD extract as a Schedule I Controlled Substance, which means it is illegal in states that have not passed medical marijuana laws.²

Manufacturers may claim their products are “pure CBD” and do not contain THC. However, there is no way to be certain the products do not also contain THC. The DEA asserts that it is “not aware of any industrially-utilized methods that have achieved this result [of 100% CBD].” ²  In February of 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tested the composition of 22 CBD tinctures, oils, and creams. A majority of the products were marketed to be “100% Pure CBD.” Upon testing, the FDA found that almost all of the products tested did not have the amount of CBD claimed; some products did not contain any CBD, while others contained far less. THC was also present in measurable amounts in most of the products.³

CBD products are not approved by the FDA for marketing or distribution as safety and effectiveness have not been proven, and the federal government classifies marijuana as an illegal substance. Therefore, the FDA does not test these products before they are available to consumers. Since the FDA does not test CBD products before becoming available to consumers, there is no way to tell the amount of CBD (or THC) in each product. Therefore, AXIS classifies CBD oils and creams as high risk products. 

Dr. David Kuntz, Ph.D., Executive Director of Analytical Toxicology for Clinical Reference Laboratories, affirms 

“Plants are being specifically developed to have high concentrations of CBD to maximize the compound in the bud.  It is my understanding that there are no 100% pure CBD products on the market, and these products will contain minor to significant amounts of THC in the oil depending on their purification steps.”

Bottom line: The use of CBD oils, creams or tinctures may cause adverse health effects and/or a positive drug test.

To learn more about the difference between THC and CBD, view this short video and check out the new Marijuana tab on Drug Free Sport AXIS™. 

Sources:

      Definition of Cannabis, Merriam-Webster

      Establishment of a New Drug Code for Marihuana Extract

      2016 Warning Letters and Test Results for Cannabidiol-Related Products

 

Other Resources:

• Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine.
• Video: CBD is Schedule I and always has been

Today's Marijuana Isn't Smoked in Joints, but With the Help of a Blowtorch.

Here’s what we learned about today's marijuana from our speakers at the Sport Exchange Summit last week:

YES, the traditional, herbal cannabis sativa and cannabis indica are botanical plants.

NO, many new users are not smoking herbal cannabis anymore—more on edibles and butane hash oil (BHO) later.

YES, recreational marijuana is legal in four states (Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Alaska), and the District of Columbia.

NO, medical marijuana is not covered through medical exceptions or therapeutic use exemptions (TUE) in sport.

YES, there are some medicinal benefits from the cannabidiol (CBD) components of the flower.

NO, the CBD concentrations of marijuana are not increasing with rising THC potency.

Slide Courtesy of CeDAR speakers Dr. LaTisha Bader and Ben Cort, July 2016. 

Slide Courtesy of CeDAR speakers Dr. LaTisha Bader and Ben Cort, July 2016. 

YES, the THC (psychoactive element) concentration of marijuana is increasing exponentially.

NO, THC-laced edibles and drinks aren’t better or “healthier” forms of consumption.

YES, marijuana is being marketed blatantly to all generations, income levels, and demographics—even to children.

NO, marijuana is not “safer” than alcohol or other illicit drugs.

YES, 1 in 6 adolescents and 1 in 10 adults who try marijuana will become addicted to it.

NO, 420 is not as relevant as 710 in 2016.

Slide Courtesy of CeDAR speakers Dr. LaTisha Bader and Ben Cort, July 2016. 

YES, butane is used to strip the THC from marijuana plant material to create BHO concentrates.

NO, not all of the butane is removed before users light up a blow torch and take a “dab” hit to get high.

Slide Courtesy of CeDAR speakers Dr. LaTisha Bader and Ben Cort, July 2016. 

YES, BHO concentrates are up to 90% THC and deliver the equivalent of smoking 5 joints in just one dab hit. 

NO, marijuana and THC-containing edibles or oils are not regulated to ensure safety, efficacy, or truth in labeling.

Slide Courtesy of CeDAR speakers Dr. LaTisha Bader and Ben Cort, July 2016. 

YES, that means that one “serving” of an edible (10mg = legal dose) could be as small as the ear of a gummy bear—NOT the whole bear, or the full package of six gummy bears sold to the user.

NO, legalization hasn’t made marijuana less of a concern.

OH, and did we mention the significant (and irreversible) decline in IQ points seen in frequent users?

Colorado-based addiction practitioner and licensed psychologist, Dr. LaTisha Bader, and long-term recovered addict, Ben Cort, shocked and awakened attendees at the 2016 Sport Exchange Summit with their straight-forward and relevant presentation on marijuana.  Their message to all members of the “team behind the team”—including parents—was to “know your 2-minute talk.” Understand behavior change, know the perceptions surrounding use, know the consequences of use, and set expectations with athletes. Express your concern and engage in well-informed dialogue on the subject. 

Slide Courtesy of CeDAR speakers Dr. LaTisha Bader and Ben Cort, July 2016. 

For additional help and resources, we’ve provided some links below.

More Education on Marijuana: 

• The Drug Free Sport Speakers Bureau is scheduling education sessions for Fall 2016 and Spring 2017. To invite a speaker to your campus to discuss marijuana or other issues in sport, please contact our Education Program Manager, Anna Filardo, at afilardo@drugfreesport.com or 816-285-1429.

 

• Join Dr. LaTisha Bader and Ben Cort for their webinar "New Trends & Consequences of Marijuana Use Today"  hosted by Drug Free Sport. The live webinar will be on August 23, 2016, from 1-2pm Central Time. Click here to register. Space is limited to the first 100 registrants. 

Resource Links:

CeDAR/University of Colorado Hospital (Ascent Track)

Project SAM (Smart Approaches to Marijuana)

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA)

Peer reviewed, Published Studies and Other Resources on Marijuana:

Hall, W. (2015), What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?. Addiction, 110: 19–35. doi: 10.1111/add.12703

Adverse Health Effects of Marijuana Use, by Nora D. Volkow, M.D., Ruben D. Baler, Ph.D., Wilson M. Compton, M.D., and Susan R.B. Weiss, Ph.D., published online June 4, 2014 in The New England Journal of Medicine

Marta Di Forti, Arianna Marconi, Elena Carra, Sara Fraietta, Antonella Trotta, Matteo Bonomo, et al. Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: a case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry, Vol. 2, No. 3, p233–238. Published online: February 16, 2015

Rocky Mountain HIDTA Volume 2/August 2014 Report, “The Legalization of Marijuana in Colorado: The Impact.”

Marijuana Legalization in Colorado: Early Findings. March 2016.  Produced by the Colorado Department of Public Safety.